Use our api gravity to density to convert to specific gravity. Opec basket of oil from 7 countries is the sourest, at present the api gravity for the basket is heavier, at 32. It is upgraded to an api gravity of 31 api to 33 api, citation needed and the upgraded oil is known as synthetic crude. It provides a crosssectional view of the distillable portion of a crude oil, employing for this purpose numbers or indexes that represent the average boilingpoint and specificgravity characteristics of the distilled fractions. Crude oil with api gravity less than 10 api is referred to as extra heavy oil or bitumen.
The united states is importing increasingly heavy grades of. Both are light in density according to a globallyaccepted measurement called api gravity. The demand for crude oil as an energy source is continuously increasing driven by the evergrowing population and economic development. Feb 16, 2010 formula given for specific gravity in slide no. Refineries process increasingly higher sulfur crude oils u. The lighter the density, the easier it is to refine into gasoline. Refinery crude oil api gravity crude oil sulfur, wt% u. Penentuan specific gravity sg dan api gravity teknik. Figure 3a 1 depicts an alternate source of density correction for crude oils for. The api gravity of crude oil can vary greatly, from 10 to 50. The american petroleum institute late tuesday reported a drop of 4. Therefore, the measurements of more simple properties such as flash point, vapor pressure, and viscosity have become standard chemical. Enis calculations on iea 2019 monthly oil data services data.
Application of oil gravity and sulfur content relationships to oil. May 02, 2017 the american petroleum institute late tuesday reported a drop of 4. Whereas a conventional light sweet us crude like the us midwest pricing benchmark west texas intermediate wti crude has an api gravity of 39 and heavy crudes like mexican maya have an api gravity of 20, condensates have an api gravity between 45 and 70. Culzean is a new grade of light crude oil from the north sea. Api gravity is a measure of density relative to water where liquids that sink in water. To convert an api gravity reading to 60f, we usually use astm table 5b. The api gravity scale acts as an inverse relationship to density and specific gravity, that is, as density increases, the api gravity decreases. Different areas of the world produce oil with different properties, namely api gravity and viscosity. The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of degrees api. Gasoline, adulteration, specific gravity, api gravity, engine performance, emission, pollutants 1.
Api gravity, weighted average refinery crude oil input. The heavy crude oils with the api gravity of lower 22. Classification and characterisation of crude oils based on. Pdf on jul, 2018, j oloro and others published effect of ph and api gravity on the waterinoil emulsion stability find, read and cite all. The chromatographic signature of a mediumgravity type ii crude oil is shown in figure 8. In general oils with api gravity of 40 45 generate the highest market prices. Comparing crude oils with different api gravities on a.
Classifications of crude oil international marine consultancy. List of crude oil products ebooks read ebooks online. Api gravity definitions api gravity to specific gravity and density chart. Api gravity, weighted average refinery crude oil input qualities. The higher the api gravity, the lower the density of the petroleum liquid, so light oils have high api gravities. Api is devised jointly by the american petroleum institute and the nist national institute of standards and technology. Use our api gravity at 60f temperature correction calculator online. As the weight of an oil is the largest determinant of its market value, api gravity is exceptionally important. Along with best practices and modern design techniques, youll be guided through an understanding of the rest architectural style.
Crude oil price differentials and differences in oil. The delivery locations are usually sea ports close to the oil fields from which the crude was obtained and new fields are constantly being explored, and the pricing is usually quoted based on f. W withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Any oil with an api score under 10 degrees sinks in water. Penentuan specific gravity berat jenis minyak crude oil dilakukan dengan alat hydrometer, dimana penunjuk specific gravity dapat dibaca langsung pada alat. Bitumen derived from oil sands deposits in alberta, canada, has an api gravity of around 8. Based on the mix of their respective crude oil production streams, the distribution by api gravity of crude oils produced in texas, north dakota, and california differs significantly. This observation implies that thermal maturities are higher, at a given depth. The american petroleum institute gravity, or api gravity, is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water. The chemical profiles, or crude oil assays, specify important properties such as the oils api gravity. Experimental investigation of api gravity of gasoline in. Specific gravity and api gravity are both measurements of density.
The density of crude oil and liquid hydrocarbons is usually reported in terms of specific gravity sg or relative density, defined as the density of the liquid material at 60f 15. Cabinda crude oil assay whole crude heavy naphtha 300400 f gravity, api 32. Apr 20, 2016 specific gravity, and api gravity for petroleum products 1. For final studies and definitive engineering, uptodate assays from the crude oil suppliers should be used. Api gravity is one of the key characteristics of crude oil that, along with other characteristics such as sulfur content, is used by refiners when evaluating different crude streams for processing into petroleum products. Pdf effect of ph and api gravity on the waterinoil emulsion stability. Crude oil exports a new statebystate analysis shows that 18 u. Simple equations to approximate changes to the properties.
Characterization of these products is most complex and often impractical. Determination of specific gravity, and api gravity for petroleum products no. The american petroleum institute gravity, commonly shortened to api gravity, compares the density of crude to water. For context, west texas intermediate wti crude oil has an api gravity of 40, which is considered light, while alaska heavy crude oil has an api gravity of 8 to 14, which is considered heavy. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Apr 25, 2017 the american petroleum institute late tuesday reported a rise of 897,000 barrels in u.
As suggested by figure 9, which relates api gravity and depth, the maximum depths at which crude oil and condensate are preserved in smackover reservoirs are shallower in the east texas and north louisiana salt basins than to the east in the mississippi salt basin. Percentages of total imported crude oil by api gravity. For context, west texas intermediate wti crude oil has an api gravity of 40, which is considered light, while alaska heavy crude oil has an api. Building an api is easy, but designing an api that meets business objectives, pleases your users, and is longlived now thats hard.
The american petroleum institute gravity, or api gravity, is a measure of how heavy or light a. Selection of crude oil assays for petroleum refining. Oil is the world economys most important source of energy and is. One of the largest and major classifications of crude oil is brent blend, which is found in the north sea.
An api gravity lower than 10 means the oil is denser than water and will sink in it. Alaskan north slope ans crude blends are group iii oil products, and considered medium grade. See definitions, sources, and notes link above for more information on this table. Our marketing assay has an api gravity of 49 degrees. Neither algorithm provides a perfect match with the underlying data. Ans crude blends tend to emulsify quickly, forming a stable emulsion or mousse. If an oils api gravity is less than 10, it is heavier than water and will sink. Crude oil with api gravity less than 10 is referred to as extra heavy oil or bitumen. One factor is the level of thermal maturation of the source beds. Api gravity express the gravity or density of crude oil and liquid petroleum products. Bitumen derived from the oil sands deposits in the alberta, canada area has an api gravity of around 8 api. An api gravity higher than 10 means the oil is less dense than water and will float on it. Density is defined as mass per unit volume of a fluid. Typically, crude oil quality has an effect on the recovery process insofar as crude oil that contains a higher proportion of the more volatile constituents table 1.
Heavy crude quality property comment impact api typically, oil gravity approaches water, requiring a diluents to separate water from hydrocarbon water oil separation sulphur high sulphur levels requiring hydrotreatment corrosion nitrogen high nitrogen levels requiring h2 for removal, producing nh3 corrosion. This api american petroleum institute standard has a range between 10 to 70. Preliminary hydrocarbon analysis of crude oils from umutubomu. They both can be used to measure the gravity of a fluid, such as hydraulic oil, in the same way that miles or kilometers can both be used to measure distance. If an oils api gravity is greater than 10 the gravity of water, it is lighter than water and will float on it. The lighter the density, the higher the api gravity. Department of petrochemical college of technical engineering duhok polytechnic university practical petroleum properties lab. Heavy crude quality property comment impact api typically, oil gravity approaches water, requiring a diluents to separate water from hydrocarbon water oil separation sulphur high sulphur levels requiring hydrotreatment corrosion nitrogen high nitrogen levels requiring.
Api gravity calculator crude oil api gravity chart. Brent blend is a combination of crude oil from 15 different oil fields in the north sea. Apr 23, 2020 if an oils api gravity is greater than 10 the gravity of water, it is lighter than water and will float on it. Oil gravity is usually 40 api or higher and increases during production after the. Crude oil price differentials and differences in oil esmap. Api gravity, sulfur content, and desulfurization of crude oil. Capillary gas chromatographic analysis was applied on each saturated. This appendix provides a selection of several simple crude assays for stocks worldwide. Api gravity crude oil is an indispensable starting material for all types of products and various other fuels, oils, and lubricants. Figure 21 components of typical crude oils are attributable mainly to the great influence of biodegradation on the heavier crude oil and bitumen. Crude oil is a complex chemical mixture used to produce fuels, derivatives and chemicals.
The onset of generation and migration of mediumgravity crude oil by the smackover formation appears to occur at a level of thermal maturity equivalent to a vitrinite reflectance of 0. Apr 22, 2014 the simple equations provide approximations for the variation of density and specific heat of crude oils of varying api gravity. Under the anaerobic conditions prevailing during formation of the oil sands, the saturated hydrocarbons are mostly biodegradable, the aromatic hydrocarbons much less so, and the resins and asphaltenes not at all. It can be diluted with lighter hydrocarbons to produce diluted bitumen, which has an api gravity of less than 22. Jul 18, 2018 both are light in density according to a globallyaccepted measurement called api gravity. Crude oil is classified as light, medium or heavy according to its measured api gravity. Crude oil with an api gravity between 40 and 45 commands the highest price. Dont let your crude oils grow up to be condensates api. It is intended to illustrate the range of variability and typical assay values. The scale is inversely related to the density of water.
The density of the steel wool sample was determined to be 8. Tar sands were therefore said to be characterized as containing bitumen, liquids, or semisolids with viscosities greater than 10,000 centipoise cp at original reservoir temperature, generally corresponding to a specific gravity of less than 10 api at 60f 16c. Some oil can easily be readily refined into gasoline, others with high gravity are more suited to use by the chemicals industry and could not be counted towards the. The bulk properties of these crude oils which include api gravity, reid vapour. Impressive api gravity temperature correction calculator. Along with best practices and modern design techniques, youll be guided through an understanding of the rest architectural style, hypermedia, and how to build an api that is both extendable and flexible. Standard test method for api gravity of crude petroleum and. Any oils with api gravity of 45 or over have shorter molecular chains which are less desirable to refineries. Simple equations to approximate changes to the properties of. Aug 23, 2016 use our online api gravity calculator. Standard test method for api gravity of crude petroleum. Api gravity of crude oil input to refineries an increasing sulfur content and decreasing api gravity are each characteristics of heavier or more complex crude slates.
American petroleum institute s inverted scale for denoting the lightness or heaviness of crude oils and other liquid hydrocarbons. Using the gas pycnometer to determine api gravity in crude. Undisturbed rest tackles these challenges head on, focusing on what you need to know in order to design the perfect api. This measurement reflects how light or heavy a crude oil is compared to water. The api gravity is used to classify oils as light, medium, heavy, or extra heavy. Api gravity change with temperature for crude oils. Api gravity also known as the american petroleum institute gravity, is the measure of the density of a petroleum liquid in relation to the density of water. Api gravity and sulfur s content of crude oil are a function of the organic composition and thermal maturity of the source rock as well as oil. Crude oil with low content of sulfur means sweet and the presence of high content sulfur is known as sour. When referring to oil, an api gravity greater than 31. Percentages of total imported crude oil by api gravity eia. And just like kilometers and miles, neither is more accurate than the other.
An api of 10 is equivalent to water, which means any oil with an api above 10 will float on water while any with an api below 10 will sink. For example, heavy crude oil api gravity less than 25 accounted for about 19 percent of total crude oil imports in 1990, but increased to 35 percent in 2005. The simple equations provide approximations for the variation of density and specific heat of crude oils of varying api gravity. If the gravity is less than 10, the petroleum liquid is heavier and thus it sinks and if the gravity is greater than 10, the liquid is lighter, so it floats on water. F, perlu dilakukan koreksi dengan menggunakan chart yang ada. Api crude oil by api gravity percent by interval period. Constant api gravity lines for nonparaffin base crude oils as defined by having a uop k factor american petroleum institute late tuesday reported a rise of 897,000 barrels in u. Specific gravity, and api gravity for petroleum products. The oils were analyzed geochemically, including sulfur content and api gravity. Crude oil coming out of the ground or ocean floor is not a uniform product. Calibrated in api degrees or degrees api, it is used universally to expresses a crudes relative density in an inverse measure lighter the crude, higher the api gravity, and vice versa because.
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